Racial Discrimination, Gender, and Ethnic Identity: Identifying Potential Effect Modifiers to Improve Mental Health Outcomes for Black Youth

Researcher: J'Mag Karbeah (School of Public Health)

Abstract: The United States is facing an urgent youth mental health crisis with nearly a third of youth reporting that they’ve experienced poor mental health (e.g. depression, suicidal ideation, and completed suicides) with the largest increases being increase in among Black girls ages 10-17. Research suggests that the association between experiences of racial discrimination and adverse mental health is often mediated by positive ethnic racial identity formation and socialization. To date, no studies have looked concurrently at how racial socialization, gendered socialization, and ethnic identity formation may mitigate the mental health impacts of racial discrimination. To address the mental health crisis facing Black youth, research is needed to better understand how intersectional identities shape mental health outcomes when adolescents experience racial discrimination. Understanding these relationships may inform ways to reduce the impacts of racial discrimination and offer support for interventions aimed at bolstering positive racial, ethnic, and gender socialization.


Edward Goetz

Edward G. Goetz is director of CURA and a faculty member at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs

Ed specializes in housing and local community development planning and policy. His research focuses on issues of race and poverty and how they affect housing policy planning and development. Before coming to the University of Minnesota in 1988, he worked at the mayor's Office of Housing and Economic Development in San Francisco and for several nonprofit community developers in Los Angeles and San Francisco. He has served on the board of directors of nonprofit housing agencies in the Twin Cities, and on several regional commissions related to affordable housing and development.

He is the author of The One-Way Street of Integration: Fair Housing and the Pursuit of Racial Justice in American Cities (Cornell University Press, 2018), New Deal Ruins: Race, Economic Justice, and Public Housing Policy (Cornell University Press, 2013), Clearing the Way: Deconcentrating the Poor in Urban America (2003, Urban Institute Press), Shelter Burden: Local Politics and Progressive Housing Policy (1993, Temple University Press), and co-editor of The New Localism: Comparative Urban Politics in a Global Era (1993, Sage Publications).

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Ed Goetz
Director, CURA